Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Clinical Trial
Abstract: Scaffolded learning provides structured support that can help students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) understand and complete learning tasks more effectively, while a three-dimensional (3D) learning environment may provide an interactive and visually supportive context for learning. The study aimed to examine the effect of scaffolded learning in a 3D environment on the academic learning outcomes, engagement and participation, and independent learning skills of students with ASD. A quantitative quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was employed. The population comprised students with ASD enrolled in special education and inclusive educational settings in District Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 40 students was selected, comprising 20 students in the experimental group and 20 in the control group, through purposive sampling. Data were collected through an Academic Learning Outcomes Assessment, Student Engagement and Participation Rating Scale, and Independent Learning Skills Rating Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS through frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired-samples t-test, and independent-samples t-test at the 0.05 significance level. Findings related to the first objective showed that the experimental group’s academic learning outcomes improved from M = 48.35 to M = 76.80, with a statistically significant difference (p < .001), indicating a positive effect of scaffolded 3D learning. Based on this finding, schools and special educators were recommended to incorporate appropriately designed scaffolded 3D learning activities to enhance the academic performance of students with ASD. The study is significant because it provides evidence that integrating instructional scaffolding with 3D technology can support academic development and provide more interactive and individualized learning opportunities for students with ASD.
Authors: Dr. Wajid Mahnaz, Hina Shaukat
Language: English
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7203838313