A Review of the Internet of Energy (IoE): Evolution, Technologies, Challenges and Future Trends
Year: 2026
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: The increasing demand for decentralized and renewable energy management has accelerated the transition from traditional Smart Grid (SG) architectures to the Internet of Energy (IoE), an ecosystem of cyber-physical systems where Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Blockchain, and Digital Twin (DT) operate together in a well-integrated three-layer system. This paper presents a structured analysis of IoE, assessing its architecture, technology, and communication protocols at different hierarchical layers. In particular, this paper discusses practical applications of IoE, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading and optimization of Electric Vehicle (EV) battery recharging processes, and compares the performance of available solutions in terms of their architectures, AI-powered optimization algorithms, implementation platforms, and cybersecurity measures. As it turns out, while there have been quite a few advances in different IoE-related areas, most of the proposed architectures demonstrate solid theoretical foundations and validity but lack practical scalability and real-world applicability due to insufficient cross-layer frameworks capable of ensuring the required level of security and interoperability. Some of the outstanding open issues include lightweight security solutions for resource-constrained IoT systems and scalable consensus methods in blockchain-based real-time energy markets.
Institution: Université Ibn-Tofail
Language: English
Topic: Smart Grid Energy Management
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7204129033