Pre-competition emotions, self-confidence, and positional differences in top-level volleyball players: a pilot study
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Background Pre competition emotions and athletes’ confidence are key psychological factors for performance. In this pilot study, building on reversal theory, the CSAI 2R/2D (cognitive and somatic anxiety intensity and directional appraisal) framework, and Vealey’s sport confidence model, we examined associations between trait sport-confidence and precompetition emotions, and assessed positional differences across elite volleyball roles. Participants and procedure Seventy nine elite male players from Poland completed the Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI PL) and CSAI 2D measures. Primary analyses used GLM/ANCOVA with Position (offensive, defensive, setters, middle blockers) as a fixed factor and age, playing experience, and contract length as covariates. The analytic sample for GLM/ANCOVA was N = 78. Results Trait sport confidence correlated negatively with cognitive anxiety intensity and positively with the directional appraisal of both anxiety components. In covariateadjusted models, Position was associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety appraisals and with TSCI PL, while the effect on cognitive anxiety intensity did not reach statistical significance (p = .057). These results indicate that athletes with higher trait confidence tend to interpret pre-competition symptoms more facilitatively. Conclusions The findings point to the relevance of directional appraisal and its linkage with confidence. Within this sample, middle blockers showed relatively more facilitative appraisals in adjusted analyses; however, several estimates were small-to-moderate and some were not significant, warranting cautious interpretation. The results suggest position-related differences in appraisal that require replication in larger samples and studies including objective performance indicators.
DOI: 10.5114/cipp/225116
Author: Marta A. Witkowska
Institution: University of Gdańsk
Language: English
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7204156732