Exploring the Fundamentals of Molecular Biology: From DNA Extraction to Gene Cloning and Biochemical Analysis
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Molecular biology is essential for understanding biological systems, with DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, gel electrophoresis, and microbial biochemical testing serving as key methodologies. This study explores the extraction of DNA from bacterial, fungal, and plant samples, highlighting challenges and optimized protocols for high-quality nucleic acid retrieval. PCR analysis is examined in genetic analysis, disease detection, and molecular cloning, emphasizing primer specificity and real-time PCR advancements. Gel electrophoresis is discussed as a crucial tool for verifying PCR products and genetic modifications. Microbiological techniques such as Gram staining and biochemical assays aid in bacterial identification, particularly in sugarcane tissues and fish gut microbiota, providing insights into microbial interactions. Gene cloning methodologies, including restriction enzyme digestion, ligation, and PCR-based cloning, are explored for their applications in biotechnology and medical research. Despite advancements, challenges persist in nucleic acid purification and amplification efficiency. This study summarizes fundamental molecular biology techniques, their applications, and ongoing improvements, offering insights into future research directions.
Author: Tiple, Aman
Institution: The Leprosy Mission Trust India
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7204264526