Spatial Fluid-Based Energy Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of JT-CoMP in UMa/UMi mmWave Networks
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The densification of Fifth-Generation (5G) networks in millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands raises major challenges in terms of Energy Efficiency (EE), due to propagation losses, inter-cell interference, base station heterogeneity (macro/micro), and the costs induced by inter-cellular coordination. Although accurate, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations remain computationally expensive for large-scale analysis and parametric optimization. To address this limitation, we derive, based on spatial fluid theory, closed-form expressions of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) as well as semi-closed-form expressions of the data rate and EE for cooperative (Joint Transmission-Coordinated Multi-Points, JT-CoMP) and non-cooperative (No-CoMP) modes, while integrating standardized mmWave propagation models for Urban Macro (UMa) and Urban Micro (UMi) environments. This framework allows for a joint analysis of the impact of the network topology—including the concentric ring architecture characterized by the number of rings ( $n_{rings}$ ) and the Inter-Site Distance (ISD),— transmission power ( $P_{tx}$ ) of macro and micro stations, and overall energy consumption, including transmission, radio frequency circuits, and backhaul. Based on the semi-analytic expressions for EE derived for No-CoMP and JT-CoMP modes in UMa and UMi environments, we demonstrate: 1) the identification of optimal network configurations ( $n_{rings}$ , $P_{tx}$ , ISD) that maximize EE in large-scale mmWave networks; 2) the evaluation of backhaul energy consumption through a parameterized linear model that distinguishes macro- and micro-BSs; and 3) the identification of operating regimes in which the No-CoMP mode becomes more energy-efficient than JT-CoMP. The analytical and semi-analytical results are systematically validated through MC simulations across a wide range of realistic scenarios, confirming the accuracy and robustness of the proposed extensions. The fluid approach thus appears as a fast, interpretable, and generalizable tool for energy resource allocation in 5G mmWave networks, providing an effective alternative to purely numerical methods.
Authors: Mohamad Younes, Clency Perrine
Institution: Université de Poitiers
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,075
OpenAlex ID: W7204602674