3D Training Control® for football training tasks: intra- and inter-observer reliability of a structural task-classification system
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Purpose This study examined the intra- and inter-observer reliability of the 3D Training Control® (3D-TC) web-based tool for classifying structural characteristics of football training tasks and deriving a Structural Specificity Index (SSI) score. Methods One-hundred thirteen drills from a professional team’s 2023 season were evaluated using ten predefined criteria grounded in the game’s internal logic. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa, and reliability was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (two-way mixed-effects model, mean rating, absolute agreement, 95% confidence intervals) for intra- and inter-observer comparisons. Results Results showed high agreement and excellent reliability across all ten criteria for both observers and across time points. These findings support the reliability of the structural task-classification system embedded in the 3D-TC tool. Conclusions Further studies are required to establish the construct and criterion validity of the resulting index, including its relationship with physiological and external-load metrics and performance-related outcomes.
Source: Human Movement
DOI: 10.5114/hm/222364
Institutions: Manchester Metropolitan University, Viña del Mar University
Language: English
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7204834355