Development of non-stationary Fisher-Snedecor-F fading model with 6-DoF orientation coupling in millimeter-wave UAV relay communications
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This study focused on a 28 GHz mmWave UAV-to-ground non-stationary composite fading propagation channel utilizing six degrees of freedom (6-DoF) behavior. Study that elaborated on the Fisher-Snedecor F-model has successfully represented multipath and shadowing effects accurately, however it typically assumes stationarity and neglects 6-DoF dynamics, leading to overly optimistic link budget estimates. This study proposes the η6-DoF (t) parameter by accounting for orientation, enabling the detection of deep fading caused by beam misalignment. This approach differs from previous study and prevents overly optimistic reliability estimates, issues that static models previously failed to detect. Integrating the F-model with non-stationary 6-DoF behavior of a relay UAV enables the adjustment of channel parameters via the orientation degradation factor, η6-DoF (t). The object of this study is the non-stationary composite fading propagation channel for a 28 GHz mmWave UAV undergoing 6-DoF dynamic (F-6-DoF aware). The discussion focuses on polarization mismatch and antenna boresight misalignment, with valuates four performance metrics: ergodic capacity, outage probability, Level Crossing Rate (LCR), and Average Fade Duration (AFD). The analysis covers hovering, linear, circular, and turbulent UAV operational modes, which are subsequently validated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) goodness-of-fit test. Under turbulent conditions, these figures give an outage probability of 0.86 and a fade margin M6-DoF of 8.30 dB. When compared to the results from static models, these figures are significantly higher (0.03 for Rician; 0.18 for Rayleigh). The F-6-DoF aware model shows an ergodic capacity difference of up to nine times compared to the standard F-model. The AFD value is also about five times higher than that of the Rayleigh model. The results of the distribution mismatch test for the static model indicate a maximum KS statistic value of D = 0.84. These results confirm that the turbulence characteristics of the static model do not yield the high level of accuracy achieved by the F-6-DoF aware model
Institution: University of Indonesia
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $242
OpenAlex ID: W7204987671