Comparative Evaluation of Alkali Extracts from Mango peel, Palm Kernel Husk and Plantain Peel for the Chemical Decomposition of Nitrocellulose
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This study investigated the use of alkali extracts from three agricultural wastes mango peel, palm kernel husk, and plantain peel as sustainable alternatives to commercial alkalis for the decomposition of nitrocellulose in smokeless propellants. The goal was to promote environmentally friendly stabilization methods while adding value to agro-industrial residues. The biomass samples were subjected to proximate analysis to determine moisture and ash content, while their alkali extracts were analyzed for pH, molarity, and elemental composition using standard analytical techniques. Statistical relationships among alkali properties were examined using one-way ANOVA and regression analysis. Results showed significant variability in moisture content (16.8-79.8%) and ash content (5.1-10.1%) across the biomass. The alkali extracts also varied widely in alkali ash content (1.1-75.0%), molarity (0.1-0.80 moldm⁻³), and pH (8.59- 11.46). Among the samples, plantain peel produced the most effective alkali extract, largely due to its high potassium and sodium content. Treatment of nitrocellulose over 5-15 days led to progressive de-nitration, confirmed by FTIR analysis showing reduced nitrate ester bands and increased hydroxyl group formation. Thermogravimetric analysis TGA indicated improved thermal stability of treated nitrocellulose (NC), with higher decomposition temperatures (320-345 °C) and reduced mass loss compared to untreated samples. Elemental analysis further confirmed nitrogen reduction from 13.34% to 10.43%. Statistical analysis revealed that alkali ash content and molarity strongly influenced extract pH and de-nitration efficiency. The findings highlight plantain peel-derived alkali as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable option for nitrocellulose treatment.
Institution: Nigerian Defence Academy
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanics of Materials
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7220156014