Work

Implementation of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a protocol for a phased mixed-methods multiple case study in the North Denmark Region

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being implemented across healthcare systems with the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, support clinical decision-making and enhance healthcare delivery. Despite growing investments in AI, evidence on how AI innovations are successfully implemented, adopted and sustained in routine clinical practice remains limited. Existing research has predominantly focused on technical performance and clinical effectiveness, while implementation-related factors have received less attention. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of AI innovations across multiple healthcare settings over time. Methods and analysis This study applies a phased mixed-methods multiple case study design to evaluate the implementation of 11 AI innovations introduced across hospital-based and cross-sectoral healthcare settings in the North Denmark Region. Each AI innovation is conceptualised as an individual case. The study consists of three sequential phases: (1) exploratory cross-case mapping of implementation processes and contextual determinants. (2) In-depth longitudinal case studies of selected cases. (3) Cross-case synthesis and programme-level evaluation. Data collection includes interviews, observations, document analysis, questionnaires and regional register data. The study is informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, Proctor et al’s Implementation Outcomes Taxonomy, the Quality Implementation Framework and the WHO’s Health System Performance Assessment framework. Qualitative and quantitative data will be analysed separately and integrated through triangulation at case and cross-case levels. Ethics and dissemination According to Danish legislation, this study does not require approval from a regional research ethics committee. The study has been assessed by the Aalborg University Research Ethics Committee and registered as a research project involving the processing of personal data at Aalborg University. All participants will provide informed consent prior to participation. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and reports targeting relevant stakeholders.

Source: BMJ Open

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2026-124097

Authors: Kathrine Hald, Maria Fagerström, Janus Laust Thomsen, Søren Paaske Johnsen, Per Nilsen

Institutions: Aalborg University, Macquarie University, Linköping University, Aalborg University Hospital

Language: English

Topic: Health Policy Implementation Science

Subfield: General Health Professions

Field: Health Professions

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,839