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Prevalence, Severity, and Functional Disability of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabia: A National Cross-Sectional Survey

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Ophthalmology is a clinical and surgical specialty with high physical demands. Despite advancements in ophthalmic equipment, improper ergonomic practices contribute to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), affecting practitioners' performance and productivity. Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence, severity, and functional disability of WMSDs among ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabia using the Total Disability Index (TDI) and examining associations between disability severity and task-related difficulty. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey included 280 ophthalmologists practicing in Saudi Arabia, recruited through institutional and professional channels and convenience-based dissemination. Data were collected from Jan-Apr 2025. Functional impairment was assessed using the validated 14-item TDI. Multivariable logistic regression modeled associations between TDI scores and task-related pain, adjusting for confounders. Results: Among 280 ophthalmologists, 85.7% reported WMSDs symptoms, most commonly weekly. Mean TDI score was 8.0 ± 9.3. Most (90.0%) had minimal disability, 8.6% moderate, and 1.4% severe. None had crippling or bed-bound disability. The cervical (27.9%) and lumbar spine (25.7%) were most affected. Higher TDI scores independently predicted pain during clinic examinations (adjusted OR = 1.124; p < 0.001), laser procedures (OR = 1.064; p < 0.001), and surgery (OR = 1.065; p < 0.001). Conclusion: WMSDs are highly prevalent among ophthalmologists practicing in Saudi Arabia and are associated with measurable task-related difficulty. These findings support structured ergonomics education, exercise programs, and institution-level workplace modifications.

Source: Clinical ophthalmology

DOI: 10.2147/opth.s640695

Authors: Raid Alhayaza, Fatemah T AlShamlan, Abdullah Afif Alshakhs, Hani Tamim

Institutions: Alfaisal University, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, King Faisal University, American University of Beirut Medical Center

Language: English

Topic: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Subfield: Human Factors and Ergonomics

Field: Social Sciences

Domain: Social Sciences

SDGs: Good health and well-being, Decent work and economic growth

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,320