Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Islanded microgrids (IMGs) represent a critical paradigm shift toward decentralized, renewable-dominated energy infrastructure. By operating independently of the main electrical grid, IMGs provide high autonomy and local reliability for remote areas, military bases, critical industrial complexes, and disaster-prone regions. However, the seamless operation of IMGs relies heavily on a dynamic Cyber-Physical System (CPS) architecture, wherein distributed communication networks facilitate real-time secondary and tertiary control, frequency/voltage synchronization, and power-sharing optimization across Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). This deep integration of cyber infrastructure exposes IMGs to severe cyber-physical vulnerabilities. Malicious actors can execute Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, and replay attacks that disrupt communications, destabilize voltage and frequency regulation, compromise optimal power flow, and trigger cascading blackouts. This comprehensive research paper presents an in-depth investigation into resilient control strategies designed to withstand and mitigate cyber-physical attacks in islanded microgrids. We model the underlying cyber-physical architecture of IMGs, analyze the operational mathematical dynamics of multi-agent secondary control, and rigorously classify attack vectors and their systemic impact. Subsequently, we explore state-of-the-art resilient control frameworks—including H-infinity robust control, Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Distributed Observer-based Observers, Adaptive Neural/Fuzzy Resilient Controllers, and Trust-Based Cyber-Resilient Multi-Agent Consensus Algorithms. Extensive simulation frameworks and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) case studies are developed to evaluate control resilience under simultaneous FDI and DoS attacks. Finally, we highlight implementation challenges, emerging trends in Edge AI and Blockchain security, and future research trajectories.
Author: Shubham Agrawal
Institution: Jagannath University Jaipur
Language: English
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: bronze
OpenAlex ID: W7225239135