Dosage Matters: Tutoring Intensity and Academic Growth Outcomes in Nearly 9,800 K–12 Student-Subject Records
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Tutoring is a leading strategy for addressing k–12 learning gaps, yet most program designs treat dosage—total tutoring minutes received—as an afterthought rather than a deliberate variable. This study examines the relationship between total tutoring minutes received and academic growth among 9,757 student-subject records across 128 schools spanning multiple districts. Growth was defined as movement of at least one level on a six-label proficiency scale, measured from program baseline to end of program. The data reveal a clear dose-response relationship: Growth rates rise from 34.3 percent among students receiving fewer than 500 minutes of tutoring to 40.2 percent at 500–1,000 minutes, 46.4 percent at 1,000–1,500 minutes, 52.0 percent at 1,500–2,000 minutes, and 55.8 percent at 2,000 minutes or more—a difference of about 21.5 percentage points across all five dosage tiers, with each adjacent tier producing a 4- to 6-point improvement over the one below it. These findings suggest that administrators and district leaders should treat tutoring dosage as a deliberate program-design variable associated with meaningful differences in academic growth.
Language: English
Subfield: Demography
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SDG: Quality education
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7221801797
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