Year: 2017
Type: review
Abstract: The innate immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, sense viral components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger signals to induce innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, deliver functional RNA and mediate intercellular communications. Recent studies have revealed that EVs released from virus-infected cells deliver viral RNA to dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby activating PRRs in recipient cells, which results in the expression of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs transfer not only viral RNA but also host microRNAs to recipient cells. Recently, infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to affect microRNA levels in EVs released from virus-infected cells, leading to attenuation of host innate immune response. This suggests that the virus utilizes the EVs and host microRNAs to counteract the antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of EVs in antiviral innate immune responses.
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030666
Institutions: Kumamoto University, Japan Science and Technology Agency
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,499
Funders: Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science, Kao Foundation for Arts and Sciences, Japan Diabetes Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Daiichi Sankyo Europe
OpenAlex ID: W2602012817